LL muscle coordination was robust between participants while UL presented higher interindividual variability. UL muscle coordination was organized around several mechanical functions (pushing, downing, and pulling) with a proportion of propulsive torque almost 80% of the total revolution while LL muscle coordination was organized around a main function (pushing) during the first half of the cycling revolution. Resultsįour synergies were extracted for both UL and LL. Muscle synergies were extracted using nonnegative matrix factorization (NNMF) and group- and subject-specific analysis were conducted. Crank torque and muscle activity of eleven muscles UL or LL were recorded. Twenty-five revolutions were analyzed for six non-experts’ participants during sub-maximal cycling with UL or LL. The aim of this study was thus to put in evidence common coordination mechanism between UL and LL during cycling by investigating the mechanical output and the underlying muscle coordination using synergy analysis. Nevertheless, the knowledge on the muscular coordination modality for UL is poorly investigated and it is still not known whether those mechanisms are similar or different to those of LL. Upper (UL) and lower limb (LL) cycling is extensively used for several applications, especially for rehabilitation for which neuromuscular interactions between UL and LL have been shown. Subject specific muscle synergies and mechanical output during cycling with arms or legs. Cite this article Cartier T, Vigouroux L, Viehweger E, Rao G. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited. Licence This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. 3 Department of Orthopedics and Gait Laboratory, University Children’s Hospital of Both Basel, Basel, Switzerland DOI 10.7717/peerj.13155 Published Accepted Received Academic Editor Mark Robinson Subject Areas Anatomy and Physiology, Neurology, Orthopedics, Biomechanics Keywords Arm cranking, Upper limb, Lower limb, Cycling, Muscle synergies, Muscle coordination Copyright © 2022 Cartier et al.
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